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Large mosaic copy number variations confer autism risk

Nature Neuroscience volume 24, pages 197–203 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

Although germline de novo copy number variants (CNVs) are known causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the contribution of mosaic (early-developmental) copy number variants (mCNVs) has not been explored. In this study, we assessed the contribution of mCNVs to ASD by ascertaining mCNVs in genotype array intensity data from 12,077 probands with ASD and 5,500 unaffected siblings. We detected 46 mCNVs in probands and 19 mCNVs in siblings, affecting 2.8–73.8% of cells. Probands carried a significant burden of large (>4-Mb) mCNVs, which were detected in 25 probands but only one sibling (odds ratio = 11.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.5–84.2, P = 7.4 × 10−4). Event size positively correlated with severity of ASD symptoms (P = 0.016). Surprisingly, we did not observe mosaic analogues of the short de novo CNVs recurrently observed in ASD (eg, 16p11.2). We further experimentally validated two mCNVs in postmortem brain tissue from 59 additional probands. These results indicate that mCNVs contribute a previously unexplained component of ASD risk.

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Fig. 1: ASD probands carry a burden of large mCNVs.
Fig. 2: Mosaic and germline CNVs have different properties and effects.
Fig. 3: Mosaic CNV size positively correlates with ASD severity.
Fig. 4: A complex mosaic chromosomal rearrangement present in neurons.

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Data availability

Data on individuals with ASD and their families were collected by the Simons Foundation as part of the Simons Simplex Collection and the Simons Powering Autism Research for Knowledge cohort. Mosaic event calls are available in the Supplementary Data. Genotype array data and phenotype information for the SSC and SPARK cohorts are available from SFARI Base (https://base.sfari.org) for approved researchers. Access to the UK Biobank Resource is available via application (http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/). Data from the DECIPHER database are available from https://decipher.sanger.ac.uk/. WGS data of postmortem brain tissue are available from the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive under accession number 1503337. Source data are provided for gels shown in Supplementary Figs. 16c and 17a.

Code availability

MoChA and custom BCFtools plugins are available on Github via URLs listed below. Custom analysis scripts are available from the authors upon reasonable request.

URLs:

MOsaic CHromosomal Alterations (MoChA) caller: https://github.com/freeseek/mocha

BCFtools: https://samtools.github.io/bcftools/bcftools.html

Custom BCFtools plugins: https://github.com/freeseek/gtc2vcf

Eagle2 software: https://data.broadinstitute.org/alkesgroup/Eagle/

PLINK: https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink/1.9/

pyGenomeTracks: https://github.com/deeptools/pyGenomeTracks

1000 Genomes dataset: http://www.1000genomes.org/

Haplotype Reference Consortium: http://www.haplotype-reference-consortium.org/.

UK Biobank: http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/

SFARI Gene database: https://gene.sfari.org/

SFARI Base: https://base.sfari.org

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all of the families at the participating Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) sites, as well as the principal investigators (A. Beaudet, R. Bernier, J. Constantino, E. Cook, E. Fombonne, D. Geschwind, R. Goin-Kochel, E. Hanson, D. Grice, A. Klin, D. Ledbetter, C. Lord, C. Martin, D. Martin, R. Maxim, J. Miles, O. Ousley, K. Pelphrey, B. Peterson, J. Piggot, C. Saulnier, M. State, W. Stone, J. Sutcliffe, C. Walsh, Z. Warren and E. Wijsman). We are grateful to all of the families in SPARK, the SPARK clinical sites and SPARK staff. We appreciate obtaining access to genotype and phenotype data on SFARI Base. Approved researchers can obtain the SSC and SPARK population dataset described in this study by applying at https://base.sfari.org/. We would like to thank the HMS Research Computing Consultant Group for their consulting services, which facilitated the computational analyses detailed in this article. This research was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under application no. 19808. M.A.S. is supported by a grant from the NIMH under award no. F31MH124393. R.E.R. is supported by the Stuart H.Q. and Victoria Quan Fellowship in Neurobiology and by the Harvard/MIT MD–PhD program (T32GM007753) from the NIGMS. G.G. was supported by NIH grant R01HG006855, NIH grant R01MH104964 and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research. C.M.D is supported by the NIMH Translational Post-doctoral Training Program in Neurodevelopment (T32MH112510). A.R.B. was supported by training grant T32HG229516 from the NHGRI. R.E.M. is supported by NSF grant DMS-1939015 and NIH grant K25HL150334. B.B. is supported by grant R01GM108348 from the NIGMS. P.J.P is supported by NIMH grant U01MH106883 and the Harvard Ludwig Center. C.A.W. is supported by the Allen Discovery Center program through the Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group and grants from the NINDS (R01NS032457) and the NIMH (U01MH106883) C.A.W. is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. P.-R.L. is supported by NIH grant DP2 ES030554, a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award at the Scientific Interfaces, the Next Generation Fund at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, the Glenn Foundation for Medical Research and AFAR Grant for Junior Faculty award and a Sloan Research Fellowship. WGS data were generated as part of the Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network Consortium. A full list of supporting grants and consortium members are provided in the Supplementary Information. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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Author notes

  1. These authors jointly supervised this work: Peter J. Park, Christopher A. Walsh, Po-Ru Loh.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Maxwell A. Sherman & Bonnie Berger

  2. Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Maxwell A. Sherman, Alison R. Barton, Ronen E. Mukamel & Po-Ru Loh

  3. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Maxwell A. Sherman, Giulio Genovese, Alison R. Barton, Ronen E. Mukamel, Christopher A. Walsh & Po-Ru Loh

  4. Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Rachel E. Rodin, Caroline Dias & Christopher A. Walsh

  5. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Giulio Genovese

  6. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Giulio Genovese

  7. Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Caroline Dias

  8. Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Bonnie Berger

  9. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Peter J. Park

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Contributions

M.A.S., P.J.P., C.A.W. and P.-R.L. conceived and designed the study. M.A.S., G.G. and P.-R.L. designed and implemented the statistical methods. M.A.S. performed computational analyses. C.D. curated phenotype data. R.E.R. performed WGS and experimental validation in postmortem brain tissue. A.R.B., R.E.M. and B.B. provided comments and guidance throughout. All authors wrote and edited the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Maxwell A. Sherman, Peter J. Park, Christopher A. Walsh or Po-Ru Loh.

Ethics declarations

Ethics statement

The first part of this study used existing and publicly available genomic datasets of families with ASD from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) and Simons Powering Autism Research for Knowledge (SPARK). Collection of SSC samples was approved and monitored by the institutional review board of Columbia University Medical Center. SPARK samples were collected under a centralized review board protocol (Western IRB Protocol no. 20151664). The second part of the study generated and analyzed genomic data on de-identified postmortem human specimens obtained from brain tissue banks, including the AutismBrainNet, the Lieber Institute for Brain Development, the Oxford Brain Bank and the University of Maryland Brain and Tissue Bank through the National Institutes of Health Neurobiobank. This study did not engage human subjects or collect their identifiable data; rather, the individual tissue banks have their own approval and consent process. Our study was approved by the institutional review board of Boston Children’s Hospital.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Peer review information Nature Neuroscience thanks Carrie Bearden, Stephan Sanders and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Figs. 1–23 and Supplementary Notes 1–14.

Reporting Summary

Supplementary Tables

Supplementary Tables 1–15.

Supplementary Data

Original, unmodified gels corresponding to those shown in Supplementary Fig. 17a.

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Sherman, M.A., Rodin, R.E., Genovese, G. et al. Large mosaic copy number variations confer autism risk. Nat Neurosci 24, 197–203 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00766-5

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